{"id":2756,"date":"2025-05-23T05:31:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-23T05:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/?p=2756"},"modified":"2025-05-23T05:31:17","modified_gmt":"2025-05-23T05:31:17","slug":"practical-viva-questions-and-answers-of-fundamental-of-electrical-and-electrical-engineering","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2025\/05\/23\/practical-viva-questions-and-answers-of-fundamental-of-electrical-and-electrical-engineering\/","title":{"rendered":"Practical Viva Questions and Answers of Fundamental of Electrical and Electrical Engineering"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Here are few questions and answers which can be asked in Practical viva-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Q: What is an electrical circuit?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> An electrical circuit is a closed loop of conductive material through which electric current can flow. It typically includes a voltage source, conductors, and a load (like a resistor or LED).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Q: What is the difference between a conductor and an insulator?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A conductor allows the flow of electric current easily (e.g., copper), while an insulator resists the flow of current (e.g., rubber).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Q: What is Ohm\u2019s Law?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Ohm\u2019s Law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it, provided the temperature remains constant.<br><strong>Formula:<\/strong> V=IRV = IRV=IR<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Q: What are the types of resistors?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Fixed resistors, variable resistors (potentiometers), thermistors, and LDRs (Light Dependent Resistors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Q: What is a capacitor?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A capacitor is a two-terminal passive component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It resists changes in voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Q: What is the unit of capacitance?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Farad (F)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Q: What is a diode?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Q: What is the function of a rectifier?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A rectifier converts AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Q: What is the difference between NPN and PNP transistors?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> In NPN transistors, current flows from collector to emitter when a positive voltage is applied to the base. In PNP transistors, current flows from emitter to collector with a negative base voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Q: What is a relay?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A relay is an electromechanical switch that uses an electromagnet to open or close contacts in a circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. Q: What is the difference between analog and digital signals?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Analog signals are continuous and vary with time, while digital signals have only two levels\u2014high (1) and low (0).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. Q: What is a multimeter?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that can measure voltage, current, and resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Q: What is Digital Electronics?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Digital electronics deals with circuits that operate using digital signals (0s and 1s) rather than continuous analog signals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Q: What is the difference between Analog and Digital signals?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Analog<\/strong>: Continuous and variable signals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Digital<\/strong>: Discrete signals (usually binary: 0 and 1).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Q: Define Logic Gate.<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A logic gate is a digital circuit that performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs and gives a single binary output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Q: What are the basic logic gates?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> AND, OR, and NOT gates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Q: What are universal gates?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> <strong>NAND<\/strong> and <strong>NOR<\/strong> gates are called universal gates because any logic gate can be built using them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Q: What is the function of a NOT gate?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> It inverts the input.<br><strong>If input = 1, output = 0; if input = 0, output = 1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Q: What is a flip-flop?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A flip-flop is a basic memory element in digital electronics that stores one bit of data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Q: Types of Flip-Flops?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> SR, JK, D, and T flip-flops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Q: What is the function of a Multiplexer (MUX)?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A multiplexer selects one input from multiple inputs and forwards it to a single output line based on select lines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Q: What is a Demultiplexer (DEMUX)?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> It takes a single input and channels it to one of the many outputs based on select lines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. Q: What is the difference between a latch and a flip-flop?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Latch<\/strong>: Level-triggered (changes with input level).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Flip-flop<\/strong>: Edge-triggered (changes on clock pulse edges).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. Q: What is a counter?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A counter is a sequential circuit that counts clock pulses, used in timers, clocks, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. Q: What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous counters?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Synchronous<\/strong>: All flip-flops triggered by the same clock.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Asynchronous<\/strong>: Flip-flops triggered by different clocks (ripple effect).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. Q: What is a Register?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A register is a group of flip-flops used to store multi-bit binary data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. Q: What is Boolean Algebra?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A mathematical method to simplify digital logic expressions using binary variables and logic operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. Q: What is the purpose of Karnaugh Map (K-Map)?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> K-Map is used to simplify Boolean expressions by minimizing logic functions easily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. Q: What is propagation delay?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> The time taken by a signal to travel from input to output of a logic gate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. Q: What is fan-in and fan-out?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fan-in<\/strong>: Number of inputs to a gate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fan-out<\/strong>: Number of gate inputs a gate\u2019s output can drive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19. Q: What are combinational circuits?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Circuits whose output depends only on the current inputs (e.g., adders, multiplexers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20. Q: What are sequential circuits?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Circuits whose output depends on both current input and past input (history), using memory elements (e.g., flip-flops, counters).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Q: What is the difference between electrical and electronics?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Electrical<\/strong>: Deals with high voltage and current (AC), like motors and generators.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electronics<\/strong>: Deals with low voltage and current (DC), like transistors and ICs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Q: Define current, voltage, and resistance.<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Current (I)<\/strong>: Flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Voltage (V)<\/strong>: Potential difference between two points, measured in volts (V).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Resistance (R)<\/strong>: Opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (\u03a9).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Q: State Ohm\u2019s Law.<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><br>Ohm\u2019s Law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.<br><strong>Formula:<\/strong> V=IRV = IRV=IR<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Q: What is the unit of power?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Watt (W).<br><strong>Formula:<\/strong> P=VIP = VIP=VI<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Q: What is AC and DC?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>AC (Alternating Current)<\/strong>: Changes direction periodically.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DC (Direct Current)<\/strong>: Flows in one direction only.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Q: What is the frequency of AC supply in India?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> 50 Hz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Q: What are the types of electrical circuits?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Series Circuit<\/strong>: Components connected end-to-end.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Parallel Circuit<\/strong>: Components connected across the same voltage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Q: What is a fuse?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A protective device that melts and breaks the circuit when current exceeds safe levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Q: What is a circuit breaker?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> An automatically operated switch that protects a circuit from damage due to overload or short circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Q: What is a transformer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A device that increases or decreases AC voltage using electromagnetic induction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. Q: What is the principle of a transformer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Mutual induction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. Q: What are the main parts of a transformer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Core, primary winding, and secondary winding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. Q: What is earthing?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Connecting the non-current carrying parts of electrical equipment to the ground for safety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. Q: What is the difference between a generator and a motor?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Generator<\/strong>: Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Motor<\/strong>: Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. Q: What is the function of a capacitor in an electrical circuit?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Stores electrical energy, improves power factor, and filters AC signals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. Q: What is power factor?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Ratio of real power to apparent power.<br><strong>Formula:<\/strong> Power&nbsp;Factor=cos\u2061(\u03d5)\\text{Power Factor} = \\cos(\\phi)Power&nbsp;Factor=cos(\u03d5)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. Q: What is the ideal power factor?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> 1 (or unity), meaning all power is effectively used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. Q: What is a relay?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> An electrically operated switch used to control a circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19. Q: What is the difference between single-phase and three-phase supply?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Single-phase<\/strong>: One AC voltage waveform.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Three-phase<\/strong>: Three AC waveforms, 120\u00b0 apart, used for heavy loads.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20. Q: What is an inductor?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A passive component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field and opposes sudden changes in current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Q: What is measurement?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Measurement is the process of determining the magnitude of a quantity by comparing it with a standard unit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Q: What are the types of measurement?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Direct Measurement<\/strong>: Comparing directly with a standard.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Indirect Measurement<\/strong>: Obtained using formulas or instruments (e.g., measuring power using voltage and current).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Q: What is an instrument?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> An instrument is a device used to measure, display, or record physical quantities like voltage, current, resistance, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Q: What is the difference between accuracy and precision?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Accuracy<\/strong>: Closeness to the true value.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Precision<\/strong>: Repeatability or consistency of results.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Q: What is sensitivity of an instrument?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> The ratio of the change in output to the change in input. It indicates how responsive the instrument is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Q: What is a multimeter?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter in one unit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Q: What is least count?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> The smallest value that an instrument can measure or read accurately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Q: What is a transducer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A device that converts one form of energy into another (e.g., a thermocouple converts heat into voltage).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Q: What are analog and digital instruments?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Analog<\/strong>: Show continuous values using pointers (e.g., analog voltmeter).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Digital<\/strong>: Show discrete numeric values (e.g., digital multimeter).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Q: What is the role of calibration?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Calibration is the process of setting or correcting an instrument to ensure its readings are accurate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. Q: What is an ammeter?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> An instrument used to measure electric current, connected in series with the circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. Q: What is a voltmeter?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A device used to measure voltage, connected in parallel with the circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. Q: What is a wattmeter?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> An instrument used to measure power in an electrical circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. Q: What is the function of a galvanometer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A sensitive instrument used to detect and measure small electric currents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. Q: Define range and span.<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Range<\/strong>: The minimum to maximum value an instrument can measure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Span<\/strong>: The difference between the maximum and minimum value.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. Q: What are the types of errors in measurement?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Systematic Error<\/strong>: Due to instrument or environment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Random Error<\/strong>: Due to unknown and unpredictable factors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gross Error<\/strong>: Due to human mistakes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. Q: What is loading effect?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> When the measuring instrument draws energy from the circuit and affects the measured value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. Q: What is the main purpose of measurement systems?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> To monitor, control, and analyze physical systems accurately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19. Q: What is the difference between active and passive transducers?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Active<\/strong>: Require no external power (e.g., thermocouple).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Passive<\/strong>: Require external power (e.g., strain gauge).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20. Q: What is the SI unit of:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Voltage? \u2192 Volt (V)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Current? \u2192 Ampere (A)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Resistance? \u2192 Ohm (\u03a9)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Power? \u2192 Watt (W)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Q: What is an electric circuit?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> An electric circuit is a closed path in which current flows due to a voltage source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Q: What is Ohm\u2019s Law?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><br>Ohm\u2019s Law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance:<br><strong>V = IR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Q: What is resistance?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Resistance is the property of a material that opposes the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (\u03a9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Q: What is conductance?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and is measured in siemens (S).<br><strong>G = 1\/R<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Q: What are the types of electric circuits?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Series Circuit<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Parallel Circuit<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Series-Parallel Circuit<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Q: Define power and energy in electrical terms.<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Power (P)<\/strong> = V \u00d7 I, measured in Watts (W).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Energy (E)<\/strong> = Power \u00d7 Time, measured in joules (J) or kilowatt-hours (kWh).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83e\uddf2 <strong>Magnetic Circuit Questions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Q: What is a magnetic circuit?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A magnetic circuit is the closed path followed by magnetic flux, analogous to an electric circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Q: What is magnetic flux?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Magnetic flux is the total number of magnetic field lines passing through a given area, measured in Webers (Wb).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Q: What is flux density?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Flux density (B) is magnetic flux per unit area, measured in Weber\/m\u00b2 or Tesla (T).<br><strong>B = \u03a6 \/ A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Q: What is magnetomotive force (MMF)?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> MMF is the magnetic pressure that drives magnetic flux, similar to EMF in electric circuits.<br><strong>MMF = NI<\/strong> (N = turns, I = current)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. Q: What is reluctance?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Reluctance is the opposition offered by a material to magnetic flux, similar to resistance in electrical circuits.<br><strong>Reluctance (\u211c) = l \/ (\u03bcA)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. Q: What is permeability?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Permeability (\u03bc) is the ability of a material to allow the formation of magnetic lines of force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. Q: Compare electric and magnetic circuits.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Electric Circuit<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Magnetic Circuit<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Current flows<\/td><td>Flux flows<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EMF (V)<\/td><td>MMF (NI)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistance (R)<\/td><td>Reluctance (\u211c)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conductors (Cu, Al)<\/td><td>Ferromagnetic materials<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. Q: What is hysteresis?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Hysteresis is the lag between magnetization and the applied magnetic field, causing energy loss in the form of heat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. Q: What is magnetic saturation?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Magnetic saturation is the state where an increase in MMF does not significantly increase magnetic flux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. Q: What is a B-H curve?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> It is a graph of magnetic flux density (B) versus magnetic field strength (H), showing the magnetization characteristics of materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. Q: What is eddy current loss?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Loss due to circulating currents induced in the core when exposed to a changing magnetic field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. Q: How is magnetic flux measured?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Using a flux meter or calculated using \u03a6 = B \u00d7 A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19. Q: What are the types of magnetic materials?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ferromagnetic<\/strong> (e.g., iron)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Paramagnetic<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diamagnetic<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20. Q: How are magnetic and electric quantities related?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Electric Quantity<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Magnetic Quantity<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Voltage (V)<\/td><td>MMF (NI)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Current (I)<\/td><td>Flux (\u03a6)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistance (R)<\/td><td>Reluctance (\u211c)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Q: What is a transformer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Q: What is the principle of a transformer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Mutual induction between two windings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Q: Name the main parts of a transformer.<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Core, primary winding, secondary winding, insulation, tank, conservator, breather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Q: What is the function of a transformer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> To step up or step down the AC voltage level without changing the frequency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Q: Why are transformers rated in kVA, not kW?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Because transformer losses depend on voltage and current (not on power factor), and kVA = V \u00d7 I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Q: What are the types of transformers?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Step-up<\/strong> and <strong>Step-down<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Power transformer<\/strong> and <strong>Distribution transformer<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Single-phase<\/strong> and <strong>Three-phase<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Q: What is no-load and full-load condition in a transformer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>No-load<\/strong>: Secondary is open.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Full-load<\/strong>: Transformer supplies rated load.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Q: What are losses in a transformer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Core loss<\/strong>: Hysteresis + Eddy current loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Copper loss<\/strong>: I\u00b2R loss in windings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9. Q: What is efficiency of a transformer?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><br>Efficiency = (Output power \/ Input power) \u00d7 100%<br>Usually around <strong>95%\u201399%<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10. Q: What is voltage regulation?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> It is the change in secondary voltage from no-load to full-load, expressed as a percentage of full-load voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2699\ufe0f <strong>B. Electrical Machines<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udf00 <strong>1. DC Machines<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11. Q: What are the types of DC machines?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>DC Generator<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DC Motor<\/strong><br>Each can be: <strong>Shunt<\/strong>, <strong>Series<\/strong>, or <strong>Compound<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12. Q: What is the principle of a DC generator?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Electromagnetic induction (Faraday\u2019s Law).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13. Q: What is the function of a commutator in a DC machine?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> It converts AC induced in armature to DC at the output terminals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>14. Q: What is back EMF in DC motors?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> The EMF induced in the armature that opposes the applied voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>15. Q: What is the function of brushes in a DC machine?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> To provide electrical contact between rotating commutator and external circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u26a1 <strong>2. AC Machines<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>16. Q: Types of AC machines?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Synchronous machines<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Induction machines<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>17. Q: What is an induction motor?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> An AC motor in which rotor rotates due to induced EMF, without physical connection to stator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>18. Q: What is slip in an induction motor?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong><br>Slip = ((Ns \u2212 Nr)\/Ns) \u00d7 100<br>Where Ns = Synchronous speed, Nr = Rotor speed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>19. Q: Why is the induction motor called an asynchronous motor?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Because the rotor speed is not equal to the synchronous speed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20. Q: What is the use of a synchronous motor?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Used where constant speed is required, e.g., in clocks, compressors, conveyors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>1. Q: What is an AC circuit?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>An <strong>AC (Alternating Current) circuit<\/strong> is an electrical circuit in which the current changes direction periodically. The voltage also reverses because the current changes direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>2. Q: What is the frequency of AC supply in India?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>50 Hz (Hertz), meaning the current completes 50 cycles per second.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>3. Q: What is the form of AC voltage?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>A sinusoidal waveform is the most common form of AC voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>4. Q: Define RMS value of AC.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>The <strong>RMS (Root Mean Square)<\/strong> value is the effective value of AC voltage or current, equivalent to the DC value that would produce the same heating effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>5. Q: What is the average value of a sine wave over one complete cycle?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br><strong>Zero<\/strong>, because the positive and negative halves cancel each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>6. Q: Define peak value.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>The <strong>maximum value<\/strong> (positive or negative) of AC voltage or current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>7. Q: What is the power factor?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>Power factor = Cos(\u03d5)<br>It is the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current in an AC circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>8. Q: What is the ideal power factor?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br><strong>1 or unity<\/strong>, which indicates maximum efficiency and no reactive power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>9. Q: What are the types of loads in AC circuits?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Resistive<\/strong> (e.g., heater)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inductive<\/strong> (e.g., motor)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Capacitive<\/strong> (e.g., capacitor bank)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>10. Q: What is a phasor?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>A <strong>phasor<\/strong> is a rotating vector that represents a sinusoidal quantity having magnitude and phase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>11. Q: What is impedance?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>The total opposition to AC, including resistance and reactance:<br><strong>Z = \u221a(R\u00b2 + (X_L &#8211; X_C)\u00b2)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>12. Q: What is the difference between resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Resistance (R)<\/strong>: Opposes both AC and DC.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inductive Reactance (X_L = 2\u03c0fL)<\/strong>: Opposes change in current.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Capacitive Reactance (X_C = 1 \/ (2\u03c0fC))<\/strong>: Opposes change in voltage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>13. Q: What is resonance in an AC circuit?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>Resonance occurs when <strong>inductive reactance = capacitive reactance (X_L = X_C)<\/strong>. The circuit behaves purely resistive, and current is maximum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>14. Q: What is the significance of phase angle (\u03d5) in AC?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>It represents the time difference between voltage and current waveforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>15. Q: What is reactive power?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>The power that oscillates between source and reactive components (L and C), measured in VAR (Volt-Ampere Reactive).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>16. Q: What is apparent power?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>The product of RMS voltage and current:<br><strong>S = V \u00d7 I<\/strong> (in VA)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>17. Q: What is true or active power?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>The actual power consumed:<br><strong>P = VIcos\u03d5<\/strong> (in Watts)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>18. Q: What is a power triangle?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br>A graphical representation of the relationship between active power, reactive power, and apparent power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>19. Q: What is the phase relationship in:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Resistive circuit<\/strong> \u2192 Voltage and current are <strong>in phase<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inductive circuit<\/strong> \u2192 Current <strong>lags<\/strong> voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Capacitive circuit<\/strong> \u2192 Current <strong>leads<\/strong> voltage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong>20. Q: Why is AC preferred over DC for transmission?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Easy to transform voltage levels<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Less transmission losses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can be generated and distributed more economically<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here are few questions and answers which can be asked in Practical viva- 1. Q: What is an electrical circuit?A: An electrical circuit is a closed loop of conductive material through which electric current can flow. It typically includes a voltage source, conductors, and a load (like a resistor or LED). 2. Q: What is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[1176,1165,1177,1162,233,1166,1174,1164,1169,1011,1170,1178,1172,1167,1171,1173,1163,1168],"class_list":["post-2756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-accircuits","tag-accircuitsviva","tag-basicelectronics","tag-basicelectronicsviva","tag-digitalelectronics","tag-digitalelectronicsviva","tag-electricalmachines","tag-electricalmachinesviva","tag-electricalviva","tag-electronicsengineering","tag-engineeringviva","tag-labvivaquestions","tag-measurementandinstrumentation","tag-measurementviva","tag-techinterviewprep","tag-transformers","tag-transformersviva","tag-vivaquestions"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Practical Viva Questions and Answers of Fundamental of Electrical and Electrical Engineering - SkyGyan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2025\/05\/23\/practical-viva-questions-and-answers-of-fundamental-of-electrical-and-electrical-engineering\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Practical Viva Questions and Answers of Fundamental of Electrical and Electrical Engineering - SkyGyan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Here are few questions and answers which can be asked in Practical viva- 1. 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