{"id":3524,"date":"2026-10-22T05:36:59","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T05:36:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/?p=3524"},"modified":"2026-10-22T05:39:40","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T05:39:40","slug":"ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-thevenins-theorem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-thevenins-theorem\/","title":{"rendered":"ECN Lab Experiment: To verify Thevenin\u2019s theorem"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Object:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To verify Thevenin\u2019s theorem by replacing a linear DC network with an equivalent voltage source Vth in series with an equivalent resistance Rth, and comparing the load voltage and current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Apparatus Required:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12 V regulated DC supply, 1 k\u03a9 resistor, 2.2 k\u03a9 resistor, load resistors of 470 \u03a9, 1 k\u03a9 and 2.2 k\u03a9, digital multimeter, breadboard\/trainer board and connecting wires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Theory:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thevenin\u2019s theorem states that any linear, bilateral two-terminal network containing sources and resistances can be replaced at its output terminals by one ideal voltage source Vth in series with an equivalent resistance Rth. Vth is the open-circuit voltage across terminals A\u2013B with RL removed. To find Rth, deactivate independent sources: replace an ideal voltage source with a short circuit and an ideal current source with an open circuit. For a load RL, IL = Vth\/(Rth + RL) and VL = IL \u00d7 RL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Circuit Diagram:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"365\" src=\"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/qqq-1024x365.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3526\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2.8053097345132745;width:634px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/qqq-1024x365.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/qqq-300x107.jpg 300w, https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/qqq-768x274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/qqq-1536x548.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/qqq.jpg 1852w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Left: original circuit. Right: Thevenin equivalent seen from terminals A\u2013B. Remove RL to measure Vth. For Rth, turn off the 12 V ideal source (short it) and look into terminals A\u2013B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Circuit Values and Calculations:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Given: Vs = 12 V, R1 = 1 k\u03a9, R2 = 2.2 k\u03a9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vth = Vs \u00d7 R2\/(R1 + R2) = 12 \u00d7 2.2\/(1 + 2.2) = 8.25 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rth = R1 || R2 = (1000 \u00d7 2200)\/(1000 + 2200) = 687.5 \u03a9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For RL = 1 k\u03a9: IL = 8.25\/(687.5 + 1000) = 4.89 mA; VL = IL \u00d7 RL \u2248 4.89 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Procedure:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Connect the original circuit as shown, leaving RL disconnected. Set the DC supply to 12 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Measure the voltage across A\u2013B with RL removed. Record this open-circuit voltage as measured Vth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Switch OFF and disconnect the supply. Replace the ideal voltage source by a short circuit; measure resistance looking into A\u2013B to obtain Rth. Never use an ohmmeter on an energized circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Reconnect the original circuit and connect RL = 470 \u03a9. Measure VL across RL; determine IL from IL = VL\/RL or measure current in series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Repeat for RL = 1 k\u03a9 and 2.2 k\u03a9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. Calculate the expected VL and IL using the Thevenin equivalent and compare with the original-circuit readings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. Switch OFF the supply and disconnect the circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Observation Tables:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-small-font-size\">Table A: Determination of Vth and Rth<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Quantity<\/td><td>Calculated value<\/td><td>Measured value<\/td><td>Unit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Open-circuit voltage, Vth<\/td><td>8.25<\/td><td>________<\/td><td>V<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Thevenin resistance, Rth<\/td><td>687.5<\/td><td>________<\/td><td>\u03a9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Table B: Load verification readings (calculated reference values)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>RL (\u03a9)<\/td><td>Original VL (V)<\/td><td>Original IL (mA)<\/td><td>Thevenin VL (V)*<\/td><td>Thevenin IL (mA)*<\/td><td>% difference<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>470<\/td><td>3.35<\/td><td>7.13<\/td><td>3.35<\/td><td>7.13<\/td><td>________<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1000<\/td><td>4.89<\/td><td>4.89<\/td><td>4.89<\/td><td>4.89<\/td><td>________<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2200<\/td><td>6.29<\/td><td>2.86<\/td><td>6.29<\/td><td>2.86<\/td><td>________<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sample Expected Readings:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RL = 470 \u03a9: Original network VL \u2248 3.35 V, IL \u2248 7.13 mA; Thevenin network VL \u2248 3.35 V, IL \u2248 7.13 mA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RL = 1000 \u03a9: Original network VL \u2248 4.89 V, IL \u2248 4.89 mA; Thevenin network VL \u2248 4.89 V, IL \u2248 4.89 mA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RL = 2200 \u03a9: Original network VL \u2248 6.29 V, IL \u2248 2.86 mA; Thevenin network VL \u2248 6.29 V, IL \u2248 2.86 mA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Result:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thevenin\u2019s theorem is verified if the load voltage and current in the original circuit are approximately equal to those in the Thevenin-equivalent circuit, within component and instrument tolerances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Precautions:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Keep the supply OFF while wiring or changing components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Check resistor values and supply polarity before switching ON.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Measure voltage in parallel and current in series; alternatively calculate IL = VL\/RL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Never measure resistance in an energized circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Use a suitable meter range and avoid shorting the supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Enter actual measurements honestly; do not label theoretical values as measured values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Viva-Voce Questions:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. State Thevenin\u2019s theorem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. How is Vth determined?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. How is Rth found when only an ideal voltage source is present?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Why is the load removed while measuring Vth?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Can Thevenin\u2019s theorem be directly applied to a nonlinear network?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. Write the expression for load current using Vth, Rth and RL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. Why may practical readings differ from calculated readings?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Object: To verify Thevenin\u2019s theorem by replacing a linear DC network with an equivalent voltage source Vth in series with an equivalent resistance Rth, and comparing the load voltage and current. Apparatus Required: 12 V regulated DC supply, 1 k\u03a9 resistor, 2.2 k\u03a9 resistor, load resistors of 470 \u03a9, 1 k\u03a9 and 2.2 k\u03a9, digital [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[1960,13,1956,1531,867,1307,1952,1011,1006,1076,1005,994,1008,1951,106,1032,1955,1638,1959,131,1953,1954,1950,1957,1958],"class_list":["post-3524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-syllabus","tag-basicelectricalengineering","tag-bteup","tag-circuittheory","tag-diplomaengineering","tag-diplomastudents","tag-electricalengineering","tag-electricallab","tag-electronicsengineering","tag-electronicslab","tag-engineeringeducation","tag-engineeringlab","tag-engineeringstudents","tag-labmanual","tag-networktheorems","tag-polytechnic","tag-polytechnicstudents","tag-practicalexperiment","tag-practicalfile","tag-resistance","tag-skygyan","tag-theveninequivalentcircuit","tag-theveninstheorem","tag-thevenintheorem","tag-vivavoce","tag-voltagesource"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ECN Lab Experiment: To verify Thevenin\u2019s theorem - SkyGyan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-thevenins-theorem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ECN Lab Experiment: To verify Thevenin\u2019s theorem - SkyGyan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Object: To verify Thevenin\u2019s theorem by replacing a linear DC network with an equivalent voltage source Vth in series with an equivalent resistance Rth, and comparing the load voltage and current. 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