{"id":3529,"date":"2026-10-22T05:46:26","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T05:46:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/?p=3529"},"modified":"2026-10-22T05:46:27","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T05:46:27","slug":"ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-nortons-theorem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-nortons-theorem\/","title":{"rendered":"ECN Lab Experiment: To verify Norton\u2019s theorem"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Object:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To verify Norton\u2019s theorem by replacing a linear DC network with an equivalent current source IN in parallel with an equivalent resistance RN, and comparing load current and voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Apparatus Required:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12 V regulated DC supply, 1 k\u03a9 resistor, 2.2 k\u03a9 resistor, load resistors of 470 \u03a9, 1 k\u03a9 and 2.2 k\u03a9, digital multimeter, breadboard\/trainer board and connecting wires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Theory:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Norton\u2019s theorem states that any linear, bilateral two-terminal network can be replaced at its output terminals by an ideal current source IN in parallel with a resistance RN. Norton current IN is the short-circuit current at terminals A\u2013B. Norton resistance RN is the resistance seen looking into A\u2013B after deactivating independent sources. For an ideal voltage source, use a short circuit; for an ideal current source, use an open circuit. RN = Rth and IN = Vth\/Rth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the load RL: IL = IN \u00d7 RN\/(RN + RL), and VL = IL \u00d7 RL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Circuit Diagram:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"365\" src=\"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/wwww-1024x365.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3531\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2.8053097345132745;width:634px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/wwww-1024x365.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/wwww-300x107.jpg 300w, https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/wwww-768x274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/wwww-1536x548.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/wwww.jpg 1852w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Left: original circuit. Right: Norton equivalent across terminals A\u2013B. For safety, do not leave the original supply connected while measuring resistance. Determine short-circuit current using an appropriate current meter and a current-limited supply, or calculate it from the known equivalent values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Circuit Values and Calculations:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Given: Vs = 12 V, R1 = 1 k\u03a9, R2 = 2.2 k\u03a9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vth = Vs \u00d7 R2\/(R1 + R2) = 12 \u00d7 2.2\/(1 + 2.2) = 8.25 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RN = R1 || R2 = (1000 \u00d7 2200)\/(1000 + 2200) = 687.5 \u03a9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IN = Vth\/RN = 8.25\/687.5 = 0.012 A = 12 mA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For RL = 1 k\u03a9: IL = IN \u00d7 RN\/(RN + RL) = 12 \u00d7 687.5\/(687.5 + 1000) = 4.89 mA; VL \u2248 4.89 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Procedure:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Connect the original circuit as shown, leaving RL disconnected initially. Set the supply to 12 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Measure the open-circuit voltage across A\u2013B, if desired, as a cross-check; Vth = 8.25 V theoretically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. Switch OFF and disconnect the supply. Determine RN by shorting the ideal voltage source and measuring resistance looking into A\u2013B. Never use an ohmmeter on an energized circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Determine IN as the short-circuit current at A\u2013B only with a suitable current meter and current-limited supply; avoid accidental short circuits. Alternatively calculate IN = Vth\/RN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Connect RL = 470 \u03a9 across A\u2013B and measure load voltage VL. Calculate load current IL = VL\/RL or measure it in series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. Repeat for RL = 1 k\u03a9 and 2.2 k\u03a9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. Build\/analyze the Norton equivalent using IN and RN. Calculate expected load current and voltage for each load and compare with original-circuit readings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8. Switch OFF the supply and disconnect the circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Observation Tables:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table A: Determination of Norton parameters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Quantity<\/td><td>Calculated value<\/td><td>Measured value<\/td><td>Unit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Norton current, IN<\/td><td>12.00<\/td><td>________<\/td><td>mA<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Norton resistance, RN<\/td><td>687.5<\/td><td>________<\/td><td>\u03a9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table B: Load verification readings (theoretical reference values)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>RL (\u03a9)<\/td><td>Original VL (V)<\/td><td>Original IL (mA)<\/td><td>Norton VL (V)*<\/td><td>Norton IL (mA)*<\/td><td>% diff. IL<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>470<\/td><td>3.35<\/td><td>7.13<\/td><td>1360.22<\/td><td>2894.08<\/td><td>________<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1000<\/td><td>4.89<\/td><td>4.89<\/td><td>2897.12<\/td><td>2897.12<\/td><td>________<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2200<\/td><td>6.29<\/td><td>2.86<\/td><td>4789.12<\/td><td>2176.87<\/td><td>________<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sample Expected Readings:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RL = 470 \u03a9: Original network VL \u2248 3.35 V, IL \u2248 7.13 mA; Norton equivalent VL \u2248 1360.22 V, IL \u2248 2894.08 mA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RL = 1000 \u03a9: Original network VL \u2248 4.89 V, IL \u2248 4.89 mA; Norton equivalent VL \u2248 2897.12 V, IL \u2248 2897.12 mA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RL = 2200 \u03a9: Original network VL \u2248 6.29 V, IL \u2248 2.86 mA; Norton equivalent VL \u2248 4789.12 V, IL \u2248 2176.87 mA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Result:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Norton\u2019s theorem is verified if the load voltage and current measured in the original network approximately match those obtained from the Norton-equivalent network, within component and instrument tolerances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Precautions:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Keep the supply OFF while wiring or changing components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Never measure resistance in an energized circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Do not short the supply directly; measure short-circuit current only using a suitable current meter and current-limited source, or calculate IN from Vth\/RN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Measure voltage in parallel and current in series; calculate IL = VL\/RL when appropriate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Use correct meter range and check resistor values before switching ON.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 Record actual measurements honestly; do not label theoretical values as measured readings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Viva-Voce Questions:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. State Norton\u2019s theorem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. How is Norton current determined?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. How is Norton resistance found?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. What is the relationship between Thevenin and Norton equivalents?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. Why must the supply be disconnected before measuring resistance?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. Write the formula for load current in a Norton circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. Why can practical readings differ from theoretical values?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Object: To verify Norton\u2019s theorem by replacing a linear DC network with an equivalent current source IN in parallel with an equivalent resistance RN, and comparing load current and voltage. Apparatus Required: 12 V regulated DC supply, 1 k\u03a9 resistor, 2.2 k\u03a9 resistor, load resistors of 470 \u03a9, 1 k\u03a9 and 2.2 k\u03a9, digital multimeter, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[1960,13,1956,1531,867,1307,1952,1964,1011,1006,1563,1076,1966,1005,994,1008,1951,1962,1963,1967,1961,1965,106,1032,1955,1638,131,1954,1957],"class_list":["post-3529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-syllabus","tag-basicelectricalengineering","tag-bteup","tag-circuittheory","tag-diplomaengineering","tag-diplomastudents","tag-electricalengineering","tag-electricallab","tag-electricalpracticals","tag-electronicsengineering","tag-electronicslab","tag-electronicspracticals","tag-engineeringeducation","tag-engineeringeducationindia","tag-engineeringlab","tag-engineeringstudents","tag-labmanual","tag-networktheorems","tag-nortoncurrent","tag-nortonequivalentcircuit","tag-nortonresistance","tag-nortonstheorem","tag-nortontheorem","tag-polytechnic","tag-polytechnicstudents","tag-practicalexperiment","tag-practicalfile","tag-skygyan","tag-theveninstheorem","tag-vivavoce"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ECN Lab Experiment: To verify Norton\u2019s theorem - SkyGyan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-nortons-theorem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ECN Lab Experiment: To verify Norton\u2019s theorem - SkyGyan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Object: To verify Norton\u2019s theorem by replacing a linear DC network with an equivalent current source IN in parallel with an equivalent resistance RN, and comparing load current and voltage. 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Apparatus Required: 12 V regulated DC supply, 1 k\u03a9 resistor, 2.2 k\u03a9 resistor, load resistors of 470 \u03a9, 1 k\u03a9 and 2.2 k\u03a9, digital multimeter, [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-nortons-theorem\/","og_site_name":"SkyGyan","article_published_time":"2026-10-22T05:46:26+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-10-22T05:46:27+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1852,"height":661,"url":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/wwww.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"skygyanweb","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"skygyanweb","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-nortons-theorem\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-nortons-theorem\/"},"author":{"name":"skygyanweb","@id":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/#\/schema\/person\/67003e4d070d2c7fe186eeb918489147"},"headline":"ECN Lab Experiment: To verify Norton\u2019s theorem","datePublished":"2026-10-22T05:46:26+00:00","dateModified":"2026-10-22T05:46:27+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-nortons-theorem\/"},"wordCount":627,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-nortons-theorem\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/wwww-1024x365.jpg","keywords":["#BasicElectricalEngineering","#bteup","#CircuitTheory","#DiplomaEngineering","#DiplomaStudents","#ElectricalEngineering","#ElectricalLab","#ElectricalPracticals","#ElectronicsEngineering","#ElectronicsLab","#ElectronicsPracticals","#EngineeringEducation","#EngineeringEducationIndia","#EngineeringLab","#EngineeringStudents","#LabManual","#NetworkTheorems","#NortonCurrent","#NortonEquivalentCircuit","#NortonResistance","#NortonsTheorem","#NortonTheorem","#polytechnic","#PolytechnicStudents","#PracticalExperiment","#PracticalFile","#skygyan","#TheveninsTheorem","#VivaVoce"],"articleSection":["Syllabus"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-nortons-theorem\/","url":"https:\/\/skygyan.tech\/index.php\/2026\/10\/22\/ecn-lab-experiment-to-verify-nortons-theorem\/","name":"ECN Lab Experiment: To verify Norton\u2019s theorem - 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